Great Nicobar Island Project: Strategic Significance and Challenges
UPSC Prelims
Current affairs
Latest Update
Gajendra Singh Godara
Sep 19, 2025
10
mins read
Great Nicobar (910 sq km) is India’s southernmost island (Indira Point) near Sumatra. In 2021, NITI Aayog launched a ₹72,000+ crore Great Nicobar Project, a multi-decade “holistic development” plan. It aims to build an international container terminal, dual-use international airport, two new townships and a 450 MVA gas/solar power plant over ~16,610 hectares. Located in a UNESCO biosphere reserve, the island is rich in rainforests and species (turtles, Nicobar megapode). The project thus spans themes in UPSC: strategic location, environment/biodiversity, and tribal (PVTG) rights.
Why in The News ?
The government is moving forward with the ₹72,000+ crore great nicobar island project, which includes a port, airport, and power plant.
The project faces intense scrutiny from environmentalists and activists over its impact on biodiversity and the indigenous Shompen and Nicobarese tribes.
Great Nicobar Project Overview and Background
Launch & Area: Conception by NITI Aayog (2021). Approved by MoEF&CC in Nov 2022. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO) will implement. Covers ~16,610 ha (≈166 sq km) on Great Nicobar.
Cost & Phasing: Budget ~₹72,000–81,800 crore (first phase ~$10.6 billion) Phased over ~30 years.
Components: Major infrastructure planned includes:
International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT): In Galathea Bay (north).
Greenfield International Airport: Dual civilian/military; ~4,000 Pounds per Hour(PPH) capacity.
Two Townships: Coastal cities with housing and amenities.
450 MVA Power Plant: Gas-based and solar hybrid.
Other: Free-Trade zone, cruise terminal, ship-repair facilities, improved jetties.
It aligns with India’s Maritime Vision 2030 and is one of the key projects under the Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.
Geography & Biodiversity: Great Nicobar is rugged (hills up to 650m), tropical wet forests. It hosts two national parks (Campbell Bay, Galathea Bay) and a biosphere reserve (UNESCO MAB 2013). Endangered fauna include leatherback turtles, Nicobar megapode, etc. Indira Point (south tip) is <150 km from Sumatra.
Strategic Location: Equidistant (~2,000 km) from Colombo, Port Klang and Singapore. Lies close to Malacca, Sunda and Lombok Straits – vital sea lanes for global trade.
Strategic & Economic Significance of Great Nicobar Island Project
Maritime Security:
Great Nicobar’s proximity to Malacca/Sunda straits offers India a vantage over major shipping lanes. Development fits India’s Act East policy and QUAD Indo-Pacific strategy.
A new airport and base improve rapid deployment (civilian+military), enhancing monitoring of Chinese naval movement in Bay of Bengal.
The Andaman & Nicobar Islands serve as India’s first line of maritime defence and share sea boundaries with Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, giving India a vast exclusive economic zone and continental shelf under United Nations Conference on the Laws of the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS).
GNI strengthens India’s naval reach in the Indo-Pacific, countering piracy, trafficking, terrorism, and great-power rivalries.
Transshipment Hub:
The International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) port can reduce India’s reliance on foreign hubs (Singapore, Colombo). By attracting ships en route via the East-West corridor, it can boost India’s global trade share. It supports Maritime India Vision 2030 and Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.
Economic & Social Benefits:
The project will generate jobs (construction, port/airport operation) and spur tourism (eco-cruise, adventure) in Nicobar. Planned townships promise better local amenities (health, education, telecom).
Strategic Deterrence:
From a defense perspective, Great Nicobar acts as a forward “bastion” against regional threats. Indian Express editorials underline its role as a security node east of the peninsula.
Geostrategic importance:
Sitting near the Malacca and Sunda chokepoints, Great Nicobar offers a forward vantage to monitor busy sea lanes and deter hostile forays.
Dual‑use infrastructure (port/airport) enhances rapid deployment and maritime domain awareness across the eastern Indian Ocean.
Maritime economy:
A modern ICTT at Great Nicobar Island can capture transshipment traffic, reducing dependence on hubs like Singapore and Colombo.
Lower turnaround times and feeder costs can make Indian exports more competitive along the East–West shipping corridor.
Environmental & Tribal Concerns regarding Great Nicobar Island Project
Deforestation & Biodiversity Loss:
Approximately 130 sq km of primary rainforest faces clearance. Government estimates for tree felling are less than 9.64 lakh trees, but experts have argued that the actual number could be much higher, with some estimates exceeding 10 million trees. This threatens habitat for Nicobar megapode birds and nesting leatherback turtles. Coral reefs and mangroves near Galathea Bay are also at risk from port construction.
Protected Areas Impact:
The Galathea Bay Wildlife Sanctuary (turtle reserve since 1997) was denotified in 2021 to make way for the port. In compensation, new sanctuaries were declared elsewhere on the island, but experts warn that Haryana/MP plantations cannot replace Nicobar’s unique biodiversity. The coastline falls in CRZ-IA (ecologically sensitive), where ports are ordinarily disallowed.
Indigenous Tribes (PVTGs):
Great Nicobar’s population (~8,000) includes the Nicobarese and Shompen tribes. The Shompen (≈237 people) are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group, entirely dependent on the forest. About 751 sq km is reserved for tribes, of which ~84 sq km are slated for denotification.
Tribals fear loss of ancestral lands and culture. In Nov 2022, the Shompen Council revoked its no-objection to forest diversion, alleging lack of consent. This raises questions under the Forest Rights Act (requiring Gram Sabha consent).
Seismic Risks:
The entire area is in a high-intensity earthquake/tsunami zone (2004 quake ~9.1 M). Experts caution a port and power plant on this subsided land could be vulnerable to future quakes and tsunamis.
Legal & Transparency Issues:
Conservationists cite violations of Supreme Court and ICRZ norms. They criticize the lack of full impact studies and public scrutiny. The government cites “national security” to withhold environmental reports, but activists demand full disclosure (Environmental Impact Assessment,wildlife plans, etc).
Also read on Eco Sensitive Zones in India to understand flora and fauna conservation.
Challenges & Way Forward
Balancing Development & Ecology: Experts stress thorough environmental impact assessments and exploring alternate sites to minimize forest loss. Any construction should follow strict mitigation (e.g. coral relocation, controlled cutting). Massive afforestation campaigns and restoration of degraded forests in the Nicobars are recommended to offset damage.
Protecting Tribals: The Shompen and Nicobarese must be fully consulted via Gram Sabhas. Inclusive decision-making (e.g. a Tribal Council committee) and fair compensation are advised. Schemes like PM JANMAN (for PVTGs) aim to uplift 75 tribes (including Nicobarese, Shompen) with housing, healthcare and livelihood support. Any relocation should come with skill training and cultural preservation plans.
Institutional Oversight: Independent monitoring bodies (with env. experts, locals) should track compliance with clearances. The report of the HPC/NGT panel should be made public for accountability. The ICRZ/CRZ rules must be strictly applied. Transparency (publishing EIA/Wildlife plans) would build trust.
Resilience Measures: Given seismic risks, all infrastructure must follow highest quake-resistant codes. Disaster-preparedness (tsunami shelters, early warning) should be integrated. Water, energy and food security plans (rainwater harvesting, renewables) can make the project more sustainable.
Great Nicobar Island
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprise 836 islands, divided by the Ten Degree Channel into the Andamans (north) and Nicobars (south).
Great Nicobar, India's southernmost and largest island in the Nicobar archipelago, spans 910 sq km of pristine rainforest covering 95% of the island. Located just 90 nautical miles from Sumatra (Indonesia), it hosts Indira Point—India's southernmost tip.
Biodiversity Hotspot: The island encompasses two national parks (Campbell Bay and Galathea), hosting 650+ plant species, 14 mammals, 71 birds, and numerous endemic species including the Nicobar Megapode, saltwater crocodile, and marine turtles.
Tribal Heritage: Home to ~250 Shompen (semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers, one of India's most isolated PVTG tribes) and ~1,200 Nicobarese communities with distinct Mongoloid ancestry.
UNESCO Recognition: Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (103,870 hectares) was designated under UNESCO's MAB Programme in 2013, promoting sustainable development and conservation.
UPSC Previous Year Questions
Prelims MCQs:
Q. Which of the following have coral reefs? (2014)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gulf of Kachchh
Gulf of Mannar
Sunderbans
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: (a)
Q. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014)
Andaman and Nicobar
Nicobar and Sumatra
Maldives and Lakshadweep
Sumatra and Java
Ans: (a)
Q. In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found? (2009)
Nilgiri Hills
Nicobar Islands
Spiti Valley
Lakshadweep Islands
Ans: (b)
The Great Nicobar Island Project can strengthen India’s security and trade, but it also touches a very sensitive island with rich forests and indigenous communities. Moving ahead responsibly means being open about studies and clearances, protecting key habitats, taking tribal consent seriously, and building with strong disaster safety. If the project is phased carefully with real safeguards and regular public checks, it can balance national goals with the island’s ecology and people.
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External Linking Suggestions
UPSC Official Website – Syllabus & Notification: https://upsc.gov.in/
Press Information Bureau – Government Announcements: https://pib.gov.in/
NCERT Official Website – Standard Books for UPSC: https://ncert.nic.in
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