Gajendra Singh Godara
Sep 8, 2025
8
mins read
Padma Awards, instituted in 1954, are among India’s highest civilian honours. Announced every Republic Day, they recognize exceptional service in fields like art, literature, science, public service and more. The three categories—Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri-denote successively lower ranks. These awards sit just below the Bharat Ratna (highest civilian award, also from 1954). Remember: they are honours, not titles, in line with Article 18 of the Constitution.
The Government of India introduced the Padma Awards in 1954 alongside the Bharat Ratna. Originally issued as three classes (Initially, Padma Awards had three classes: Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg, and Tisra Varg), they were renamed in 1955 as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri. The Bharat Ratna remains the highest civilian award, while Padma Vibhushan is the highest of the Padma series.
The awards honor contributions across sectors: arts & literature, science & engineering, trade & industry, public affairs, medicine, education, social work, civil service, sports, etc. Eligibility is universal (any race, occupation, position, or gender). However, government employees (except doctors and scientists) are generally excluded. Awards are usually not posthumous, except in highly deserving cases.
Award | Civilian Rank | Instituted | Criteria |
Bharat Ratna | Highest | 1954 | Exceptional service in any field |
Padma Vibhushan | 2nd (of civilian awards) | 1954 (renamed 1955) | Exceptional and distinguished service |
Padma Bhushan | 3rd | 1954 (renamed 1955) | Distinguished service of high order |
Padma Shri | 4th | 1954 (renamed 1955) | Distinguished service in any field |
Padma awards were not conferred during the years 1978 and 1979 and 1993 to 1997.
Table of content
All persons, regardless of race, occupation, position or gender, are eligible for the award in India.
Government servants, including employees of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), are not eligible, except doctors and scientists.
Awards are normally not conferred posthumously, but in highly deserving cases, exceptions are allowed.
A minimum 5-year gap is required for conferring a higher category Padma award upon a previously awarded individual. However, this can be relaxed by the Awards Committee in exceptional cases.
Nominations are open to the public, and self-nomination is also allowed.
Nomination: Anyone can nominate, including self-nomination, via an online portal (a practice started in 2015). Nominations close by September each year. A Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted annually by the Prime Minister, headed by the Cabinet Secretary (with other senior officials and eminent persons), reviews all nominations. The Committee’s recommendations go to the Prime Minister and President for final approval.
Presentation: The President of India formally confers the Padma Awards at an investiture ceremony (usually in March or April). Awardees receive a Sanad (certificate signed by the President) and a medallion. Importantly, Padma Awards are not titles and carry no cash award or privileges. The total number is capped at 120 per year (excluding posthumous and foreign awardees).
Padma Awards serve as national recognition for outstanding service, inspiring citizens and highlighting India’s diverse talent. Awarding honourees from remote areas or grassroots (“unsung heroes”) reflects government outreach; e.g. in 2025, 30 such community-level workers were honored.
The awards also honor global contributions: Non-resident Indians and foreigners are eligible, as seen by 10 foreign/NRI awardees in 2025. This underscores India’s cultural diplomacy.
The government has also encouraged inclusivity and modernization of the awards. The switch in 2015 to public nominations democratized the process, allowing lesser-known achievers to be considered. The “People’s Padma” initiative, championed by the Prime Minister, aims to make awards more representative of societal heroes.
Padma Awards reinforce national values by honoring achievements across society.
Padma Awards in India are generally not given posthumously, and a higher category award is only granted after five years unless the Awards Committee makes an exception.
The award is not a title and cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name. It is limited to a maximum of 120 awards per year (excluding posthumous, Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), foreigner, and Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) recipients).
Observers question the selection transparency, celebrities and politically connected individuals sometimes feature, sparking debates on merit versus visibility. There are calls for more rigorous checks so that lesser-known achievers (social workers, scientists, grassroots heroes) aren’t overshadowed.
Another issue is award inflation: some argue that too many awards or duplicative recognition (e.g. giving multiple awards to one person over time) dilutes value.
On the flip side, some view Padma Awards as tools of soft power, promoting cultural icons abroad (e.g. honoring foreign nationals who promote Indian art). However, the lack of tangible benefits is a concern for critics: awardees receive only honour, without financial reward or privileges.
Importantly, constitutional provisions check misuse: Article 18 abolishes titles, but exempts national honours. In Balaji Raghavan v. Union of India (1996) the Supreme Court affirmed that Padma and Bharat Ratna awards are not “titles”. Still, awardees cannot append the honour to their names officially.
Q.Which is the highest civilian award in India?
A.Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian honour. Padma Vibhushan is the next-highest followed by Bhushan and Shri.
Q.What are the three classes of Padma Awards?
A.The awards, in descending order, are Padma Vibhushan (exceptional service), Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of high order), and Padma Shri (distinguished service).
Q.Who confers Padma Awards and when?
A.The President of India presents Padma Awards annually (usually at a March/April ceremony). Winners’ names are announced on Republic Day.
Q.Can Padma Awards be given posthumously or to foreigners?
A.Yes. Padma Awards can be conferred posthumously and to NRIs/foreign nationals. For example, the 2025 list included 13 posthumous honours and 10 foreign/NRI recipients.
Prelims
Q. Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards: (2021)
Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
Which of the above statements are not correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (d)
Padma Awards are a flagship recognition of India’s outstanding citizens. For aspirants, remember the static facts: instituted in 1954, three categories (Vibhushan, Bhushan, Shri), conferred by the President. Also appreciate their dynamic relevance: each year’s list sparks discussions on social values, representation, and the spirit of nishtha (dedication). Note the constitutional angle – Article 18 excludes Padma Awards from the ban on titles – as well as the fact that awardees gain honor, not material perks. Looking ahead, the Padma system may evolve (e.g. more transparent selection, inclusion of grassroots heroes) to better serve nation-building. Aspirants should catalog key winners and controversies year by year, using tables or flashcards for revision. The journey of Padma awardees – from scholars to social workers – can inspire UPSC candidates: focus on service and excellence in your field, for those are the true badges of honour. Good luck!
Internal Linking Suggestions
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UPSC Official Website – Syllabus & Notification: https://upsc.gov.in/
Press Information Bureau – Government Announcements: https://pib.gov.in/
NCERT Official Website – Standard Books for UPSC: https://ncert.nic.in
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