UPSC PSIR Optional Syllabus: Complete Paper 1 & Paper 2 and Strategy
UPSC Prelims
Current affairs
GS I
Current Affairs
Gajendra Singh Godara
Nov 11, 2025
10
mins read
Political Science and International Relations (PSIR) is an optional subject in the UPSC Civil Services exam. The political science optional syllabus covers Paper 1 which includes Political Theory, Indian Government and Politics, and Paper 2 includes Comparative Political Analysis, International Politics, India and the World. UPSC PSIR optional is popular among other optionals to choose from because it offers consistent scoring potential. It overlaps well with the General Studies syllabus.
High scoring potential: PSIR’s well-structured syllabus allows concise, analytical answers.
Overlap with GS: Many PSIR topics (like constitution, political theory, IR) reinforce General Studies (especially Polity and IR).
Current affairs: PSIR involves real-world politics and global events, which also helps in essay and ethics answers.
Essay/Ethics aid: Studying PSIR thinkers and ideas (e.g. Mill, Bentham, Gandhi, Ambedkar) can enrich answers in essay and ethics papers.
It suits candidates interested in politics, society or international affairs. Humanities and social science graduates often find it approachable. However, any aspirant with genuine interest in the subject can do well. Your academic background is less important than motivation.
Structure:The UPSC exam syllabus and structure is important before choosing the optional. The UPSC mains exam has two papers (Paper 1 & 2) of 250 marks each.
Static vs Dynamic: PSIR optional Paper 1 is mostly static theory and history; Paper 2 mixes theory with current international developments. Overall, about 40% static and 60% current affairs.
Political Theory and Indian Politics:
Political Theory: meaning and approaches.
Theories of state: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial, and Feminist.
Justice: Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl’s theory of justice and its communitarian critiques.
Equality: Social, political, and economic; the relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.
Rights: Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; Concept of Human Rights.
Democracy: Classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracy - representative, participatory and deliberative.
Concept of power: hegemony, ideology, and legitimacy.
Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism, and Feminism.
Indian Political Thought: Dharmashastra, Arthashastra, and Buddhist Traditions; Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Sri Aurobindo, M. K. Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, M. N. Roy.
Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt.
Indian Government and Politics
Indian Nationalism:
Political Strategies of India’s Freedom Struggle: Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha, Noncooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and Revolutionary Movements, Peasant and Workers Movements.
Perspectives on Indian National Movement; Liberal, Socialist, and Marxist; Radical Humanist and Dalit.
Making of the Indian Constitution: Legacies of British rule; different social and political perspectives.
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: The Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive Principles; Parliamentary System and Amendment Procedures; Judicial Review and Basic Structure doctrine.
(a) Principal Organs of the Union Government: Envisaged role and actual working of the Executive, Legislature, and Supreme Court.
(b) Principal Organs of the State Government: Envisaged role and actual working of the Executive, Legislature, and High Courts.Grassroots Democracy: Panchayati Raj and Municipal Government; Significance of 73rd and 74th Amendments; Grassroot movements.
Statutory Institutions/Commissions: Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, Finance Commission, Union Public Service Commission, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women; National Human Rights Commission, National Commission for Minorities, National Backward Classes Commission.
Federalism: Constitutional provisions; changing nature of center-state relations; integrationist tendencies and regional aspirations; inter-state disputes.
Planning and Economic Development: Nehruvian and Gandhian perspectives; Role of planning and public sector; Green Revolution, land reforms and agrarian relations; liberalization and economic reforms.
Caste, Religion, and Ethnicity in Indian Politics.
Party System: National and regional political parties, ideological and social bases of parties; Patterns of coalition politics; Pressure groups, trends in electoral behavior; changing socio-economic profile of Legislators.
Social Movement: Civil liberties and human rights movements; women’s movements; environmentalist movements.
Comparative Politics & International Relations
Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics:
Comparative Politics: Nature and major approaches; Political economy and political sociology perspectives; Limitations of the comparative method.State in Comparative Perspective: Characteristics and changing nature of the State in capitalist and socialist economies, and advanced industrial and developing societies.
Politics of Representation and Participation: Political parties, pressure groups and social movements in advanced industrial and developing societies.
Globalisation: Responses from developed and developing societies.
Approaches to the Study of International Relations: Idealist, Realist, Marxist, Functionalist and Systems theory.
Key Concepts in International Relations:
a. National interest, security and power
b. Balance of power and deterrencec. Transnational actors and collective security
d. World capitalist economy and globalisation.Changing International Political Order:
Rise of superpowers; Strategic and ideological Bipolarity, arms race and cold war; Nuclear threat;
Non-aligned movement: Aims and achievements.
Collapse of the Soviet Union; Unipolarity and American hegemony; Relevance of non-alignment in the contemporary world.
Evolution of the International Economic System:
a. From Bretton Woods to WTO
b. Socialist economies and the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
c. Third World demand for new international economic order
d. Globalisation of the world economy.United Nations: Envisaged role and actual record; Specialized UN agencies—aims and functioning; the need for UN reforms.
Regionalisation of World Politics: EU, ASEAN, APEC, AARC, NAFTA.
Contemporary Global Concerns: Democracy, human rights, environment, gender justice terrorism, nuclear proliferation.
India and the World
Indian Foreign Policy: Determinants of foreign policy; the institutions of policy-making; continuity and change.
India’s Contribution to the Non-Alignment Movement Different phases; Current role.
India and South Asia:
Regional Co-operation: SAARC-past performance and future prospects.
South Asia as a Free Trade Area.
India’s “Look East” policy.
Impediments to regional co-operation: River water disputes; illegal cross-border migration; Ethnic conflicts and insurgencies; Border disputes.
India and the Global South: Relations with Africa and Latin America; Leadership role in the demand for NIEO and WTO negotiations.
India and the Global Centres of Power: USA, EU, Japan, China and Russia.
India and the UN System: Role in UN Peace-keeping; Demand for Permanent Seat in the Security Council.
India and the Nuclear Question: Changing perceptions and policy.
Recent developments in Indian Foreign Policy: India’s position on the recent crises in Afghanistan, Iraq, and West Asia, growing relations with US and Israel; Vision of a new world order.
Build conceptual clarity: Start with core political theories and key thinkers.
Connect theory to current events: Apply PSIR concepts to modern examples, especially in international relations and Indian politics.
Integrate with GS: Study PSIR topics alongside General Studies subjects (e.g. Constitution, IR) to reinforce learning.
Study Plan: Cover static topics (theory, Indian politics) first, then focus on dynamic content (current affairs, international issues). Allocate specific time each week to each section.
Practice answer writing: Regularly write answers and essays. Use UPSC past questions to guide practice.
Revision & notes: Make concise notes or mind-maps for each topic. Revise regularly with summaries.
Avoid mistakes: Always use examples and case studies. Don’t ignore current affairs. Keep answers focused and time-bound.
Frequently asked question (FAQs)
For many UPSC aspirants PSIR has the advantage of scoring potential and relevance to the General Studies syllabus, and is therefore a strategic choice. A well-defined approach along with sustained engagement will enable PSIR to significantly augment your overall preparation. Begin the process early by carefully assessing the syllabus, formulating a structured study plan, and practicing answer writing. Keeping a steady focus will ensure that PSIR greatly enhances your UPSC exam preparation efforts.
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