What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10 marks

Introduction

A Tsunami is a series of large ocean waves generated by the sudden displacement of seawater due to geological disturbances. The term originates from Japanese words “tsu” (harbour) and “nami” (wave). Though waves are small in the deep ocean, they gain enormous height and energy near coastal areas, causing severe destruction.

1.Formation and Location

How they are formed

• Undersea earthquakes: Sudden vertical movement of tectonic plates displaces large volumes of water.

• Volcanic eruptions: Explosive eruptions or collapse of volcanic islands can trigger tsunamis.

• Submarine landslides: Movement of sediments on ocean floors can generate waves.

• Meteorite impacts (rare) can also cause tsunamis.

Where they are formed

• Mostly along subduction zones where tectonic plates collide.

• Common in the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire.”

• Also occur in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

(In an exam answer, a simple diagram of a subduction zone generating a tsunami should be drawn.)

2. Consequences

• Loss of life and displacement: Massive casualties and homelessness.

• Coastal destruction: Damage to ports, infrastructure, and settlements.

• Economic losses: Impact on fisheries, tourism, and trade.

• Environmental damage: Salinization of agricultural land and destruction of coastal ecosystems.

3.Examples

• 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami devastated India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.

• 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami caused severe destruction and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

4.Conclusion

Tsunamis are rare but extremely destructive natural hazards. Strengthening early warning systems, coastal zone management, and disaster preparedness is essential to reduce their impact on vulnerable coastal populations.