Discuss the salient features of the Harappan architecture. (Answer in 150 words) 10

The Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500–1900 BCE) represents the first urbanization in the Indian subcontinent. Its architecture is characterized by a high degree of standardisation, utilitarianism, and advanced hydraulic engineering, reflecting a sophisticated civic sense and a centralized authority.

Key Features of Harappan Architecture

1. Grid System and Town Planning

Harappan cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were laid out in a rectangular grid pattern, where streets intersected at right angles.

Division of City: Most cities were divided into two parts: a Citadel (Western Mound) for the elite and public buildings, and a Lower Town (Eastern Mound) for the common citizens.

Fortification: The Citadel was often built on a raised mud-brick platform and surrounded by massive walls for protection against floods and intruders.

2. Advanced Building Materials

Unlike contemporary civilizations like Mesopotamia (which used sun-dried bricks), the Harappans primarily used burnt bricks.

Standardization: Bricks followed a uniform ratio of 4:2:1 (length:breadth:thickness), ensuring structural stability.

Absence of Ornamentation: The architecture was remarkably functional; there is a notable absence of grand temples or purely decorative monuments.

3. Sophisticated Drainage and Sanitation

The drainage system is perhaps the most unique feature of Harappan architecture, reflecting a focus on hygiene.

• Covered Drains: Every house was connected to street drains, which were covered with loosely fitted bricks or stone slabs for regular cleaning.

• Cesspools: These were provided at regular intervals to collect solid waste, preventing the clogging of the system.

4. Public and Private Buildings

The Great Bath (Mohenjo-daro): A rectangular tank used for ritual bathing. It featured bitumen lining for waterproofing and was surrounded by galleries and rooms.

Granaries: Massive structures used for storing surplus grain (e.g., the Great Granary at Harappa), highlighting a well-organized agrarian economy.

Residential Houses: Houses varied in size but followed a common plan—a central courtyard surrounded by rooms, with separate bathrooms and private wells.

5. Hydraulic Engineering and Dockyards

Lothal Dockyard: The discovery of an artificial brick dockyard at Lothal connected to the Sabarmati River demonstrates an advanced understanding of tides and maritime trade.

Water Management: Cities like Dholavira featured a complex system of reservoirs and channels to harvest and store rainwater.

Conclusion

The Harappan architecture was a precursor to modern urban planning. Its focus on utilitarianism over aesthetics, combined with a highly developed sense of sanitation and water management, distinguishes it from other ancient civilizations. This legacy of organized living continued to influence subsequent Indian architectural traditions, particularly in the layout of early historic cities.