Write a review on India's climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022?(Answer in 250 words)

Introduction

The Paris Agreement (2015) under the UNFCCC aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Countries submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their climate actions. India, as a major developing economy, has committed to balancing development with climate responsibility through ambitious mitigation and adaptation measures.

Body

India’s Climate Commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015)

• Reduce Emissions Intensity: Lower emissions intensity of GDP by 33–35% from 2005 levels by 2030.

• Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity: Achieve about 40% cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources.

• Carbon Sink Creation: Create an additional 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent carbon sink through forest and tree cover.

• Climate Adaptation: Focus on sustainable agriculture, water conservation, and climate-resilient infrastructure.

Strengthening of Commitments at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021)

• Panchamrit Targets Announced:

  • Achieve 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.

  • Meet 50% of energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030.

  • Reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030.

  • Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030.

  • Achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.

Update of India’s NDC in 2022

• Enhanced Emission Reduction Target: Increased emissions intensity reduction target from 33–35% to 45% by 2030.

• Higher Non-Fossil Energy Share: Target raised to 50% installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030.

• Focus on Sustainable Lifestyles: Promotion of initiatives like LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment).

• Strengthened Climate Adaptation: Integration of climate resilience into development planning.

Conclusion

India’s climate commitments demonstrate a balanced approach between

development needs and environmental responsibility. The strengthened NDCs and COP26 targets

reflect India’s growing role in global climate governance while promoting

sustainable growth and energy transition.